Application of C. Wright Mill’s sensibilities

C. Wright Mill’s works were mostly dedicated to the questions of social stratification, researched elites, rationalization, mass society and power.   But nevertheless, he was very much involved in the investigation of social problems as well.   For instance, C. Wright Mill’s four sensibilities might assist in explaining the poor health status of indigenous people in comparison to wider population. In my understanding, poor health status of indigenous people is provoked by the problem of alienation which results in the â€Å"shift from rural and agriculturally based world to an urban society†.[#2, p.3]   This explains health status changes of the population in the way of bigger inflow of people to the urban society and as a result of suchlike movements happens rapid development and improvement of technologies. Of course, Mill’s sensibilities have from one hand positive and negative impact on the indigenous people.   As to me, one of those is increasing economy from the positive side, but from the opposite – economic growth implies many negative effects as well (such as pollution).   As a result – the above mentioned aspects are provoking weakening immunity and inability to resist diseases by indigenous part of population. Other explanation of poor health status of indigenous people is inability to be medically inspected and treated with the appropriate means as wider population. This might be the reasoning of usage of less effective medicine and inability to adapt to the constantly changing methods of treatment.   Therefore different categories of population, according to the Wright Mill, are conducting â€Å"inhuman actions† between different parts of population.   But then he continues that â€Å"our sensibilities and actions are inhuman not because of the scale of their cruelty, but because they are impersonal and performed without any real emotion†. [#1, p.3]. References 1.Aronowitz, Stanley â€Å"A Mills Revival?†. Logos Journal. 11 Oct.2004 < http://www.logosjournal.com/aronowitz.htm> 2.Mills, Wright. The Sociological Imagination. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.                                                

Kaymito Leaves Decoction as Antiseptic Mouthwash ”

FRIDAY, OCTOBER 7, 2011 Multi-Colored Fabric Dye From Talisay (Terminalia catappa) Leaves Extract Pauline Mariz Manuel Marjorie Marmeto Jiezel Ann Sescar Mrs. Ma. Regaele Olarte (Research Adviser) Statement of the Problem The researchers aimed to determine if the Talisay (Terminalia catappa) leaves extract could be developed as a multi-colored fabric dye. Specifically, the study sought to answer the following questions: 1. Can Talisay (Terminalia catappa) leaves extract be developed as a multi-colored dye? 2. Is there a significant difference between the experimental and control set-ups in terms of: a. Reaction to acid b. Reaction to base c. pH level d. Color fastness Table 1 Frequency Distribution of Yielded Results in terms of Color DYE| FREQUENCY| PERCENTAGE (%)| Violet| 97| 93| Yellow| 7| 7| Brown| 3| 3| TOTAL| 100| 100| Table 2 Comparison of Mean and T-test Result for Talisay and Commercial Fabric Dye TALISAY LEAVES| COMMERCIAL DYE| VARIANCE| COLOR| FREQUENCY| COLOR| FREQUENCY| | Violet| 90| Violet| 88| 2%| Yellow| 7| Yellow| 10| 3%| Brown| 3| Brown| 2| 1%| TOTAL| 100| | 100| | 1 comments Email ThisBlogThis! Share to TwitterShare to Facebook Links to this post THURSDAY, OCTOBER 6, 2011 Akapulko (Cassia alata L. Seeds as Purgative Extender for Pulvoron Akapulvoron: A Sensory Analysis Akapulko (Cassia alata L. ) Seeds as Purgative Extender for Pulvoron Karl Ericson Landrito Rochelle Gel Asilo Ludy Anne Castrence Maegan Morales Keith Louise R. Salazar Research Adviser: Mrs. Ma. Regaele A. Olarte A. Background of the Study Children during their early stage of learning are curious on how things around them work. They always want to play outdoor games such as  tumbang preso,  patintero,  piko,  jolens,  pogs, and many other games with their playmates. These games require touching and a lot of barefoot running. Children do not tend to know that running barefooted will cause the formation of ascaris and other parasitic worms that might infect their intestines. Malnutrition surrounds our country today; a lot of people, most especially the children, were the victims of it. One of the most common causes of malnutrition of children is worm infestation. Worm infestation can result if there happened to be a direct or indirect contact with the feces of an infected person. It can be dispersed when the feces of an infected organism are used as fertilizers in farmlands that are now converted into urban type of community. The kids that are living in that converted area can accumulate the infection that the former farmland has. Children that are infected can have parasitic worms inside their bodies. They can eventually experience malnutrition and other health deficiencies if not treated. Purgative medicines are cheap in cost but children dislike the taste because of its bitterness. The researchers came up with this project due to the desire of helping the parents of infected children in convincing their kids to take good-tasting purgative remedy that is cheaper in cost and can be done at home. The researchers found out that pounded and boiled akapulko seeds are used as an effective purgative agent. Akapulko is an herbal plant that can be used in curing skin, stomach, lung, and mouth problems, and  is well known for its sudorific, diuretic and purgative characteristics. It can be ingested without having any side effect or contraindications. The researchers thought of pulvoron, being a healthy, delicious, and attractive treat for all. The akapulko seeds were consider as extender in place of the traditional rice crisps, nuts, or nougats in the pulvoron. Established that akapulvoron could be an effective and safe purgative treat, the researchers intended to conduct a sensory analysis of the product to determine if it would be generally accepted by the public. 0 comments Email ThisBlogThis! Share to TwitterShare to Facebook Links to this post WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 5, 2011 Makahiya (Mimosa pudica) Root Extract as an Alternative Ovicide against Dengue Mosquito (Aedes aegypti) Eggs Dumayas, Diana Rose P. Geroche, Sheila Mae T. Pinote, Lorraine Angela D. (Researchers) Mrs. Ma. Regaele A. Olarte Research Adviser) Significance of the Study The augmenting number of Dengue cases not only in our country but also to other countries all over the world experiencing the abnormal change in weather is not of recent origin to us. Along with this difficult situation, there are two-winged, dipterous insects that hatch their eggs for a short time, reducing the size of their larvae and become â€Å"nervous-biters†. In that case, they are harder to in tercept in flight that is why it is more advisable to focus on the places where they lay their eggs. The researchers conducted this study in order to lessen the proliferation of mosquitoes or prevent the eggs from hatching using the Makahiya  Mimosa pudica  roots extract as an ovicide. As the experiment was proven to be effective, it is relevant to propagate the plant for mass production and communicate the results to other people. It is also significant to conduct experiments about the other potentialities of   the said plant, such as the anti fertility property of its root extract which was   proven in Albino white mice sperm cells according to Dr. Godofredo Umali-Stuart of University of Santo Tomas. comments Email ThisBlogThis! Share to TwitterShare to Facebook Links to this post Prototype Biometric Security System on Personal Computer Using Fingerprint-based Power Switch Researcher: Maycee Anne Rufino Research Adviser: Mrs. Ma. Regaele Olarte Statement of the Problem The study sought to devise a system to protect every computer from hacking and unwanted file sharing due to usage without permission by unauthorized users. The researcher utilized fingerprint-based biometric security system on the power switch of personal computer, thus making it unquestionably â€Å"personal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Specifically, the study aimed to answer the following questions: 1. How should the system be designed and developed in order to: a. Secure the user’s data from hacking or sharing, b. Provide an account security for the computer user, c. Ensure that the system is protected against alteration and not prone to errors? 2. What is the level of performance of the system based on the following criteria: a. Reliability b. Accessibility c. Efficiency d. Functionality? Hypothesis The fingerprint-based biometric security system on personal computer with remote access for the private user is  effective in terms of the specified criteria. Scope and Limitations The fingerprint-based biometric security system on personal computer is more accessible, secured, accountable and accurate. It is in the registered fingerprint where an account is created for hassle-free admission to the system. Furthermore, transactions do not consume much time and effort since the information needed to connect and to access one’s account is already automated. The following were the scope and limitations of the study: * The study only focused on the general transaction of database and of safe-keeping for the data-security of personal computers. This mechanism was not advisable for shared computers but merely for personal use, as only an authorized person could gain access on the most important data and information stored in the computer. * The system would not operate if the user is unauthorized or unregistered. Only authorized user with registered thumb mark and password can get into the system. * This device can register and hold up to five authorized users only to access the system. * The fingerprint-based power switch can also be used on any technology containing switch. (e. g. lighting, appliances, motorcycles etc. ) 2 comments Email ThisBlogThis! Share to TwitterShare to Facebook Links to this post TUESDAY, OCTOBER 4, 2011 Environmental Briquette from Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) with Acacia Seeds as Binding Agent Mary Jane Bucio Patricia Anne Javier Charlz Deanne Hermoso Angel-lyn Lazo Jamira Marabut (Researchers) Mrs. Ma. Regaele A. Olarte (Research Adviser) ABSTRACT Water hyacinth is an aquatic plant which could well be used, instead of wood, in generating an alternative source of energy. The processing of water hyacinth into briquette would have a significant role not only in the development of an alternative fuel, but also in the preservation of the environment. The water hyacinth that was harvested, dried, and pulverized was mixed with cassava starch and acacia seed binder by being compressed into briquettes in a manually-operated machine. The experimental set-up made use of dry and fresh water hyacinth while a traditional charcoal served as the control. In all the quality tests done, T- test showed that there was no significant difference between the experimental product and the commercial product in terms of various parameters, at 0. 05 level of significance. The results of experimentation and data analysis showed that the experimental product is just as effective as the commercial briquette, with better potential of helping the environment by reducing the negative consequences brought about by water hyacinth’s rapid profusion. Thus, the  environmental briquette made from water hyacinth with acacia seeds as binding agent could be an effective alternative to the traditional charcoal made from burning of wood. 1 comments Email ThisBlogThis! Share to TwitterShare to Facebook Links to this post Older PostsHome Subscribe to:  Posts (Atom) CHATBOX! Julian Paolo Biyo  Jason Andrei TemeloI-RubyPhilippine Science High School Western Visayas Campus Investigatory Project TITLE: Effect of the Different Types of Substrates on theBiodegradability of SM Plastic Bags I. Background of the Study Official figures show that plastics make up around 25%  of thegarbage that metro manila churns out, while an  independent surveyconducted by Ecowaste Coalition and  Greenpeace on the compositionof discards on manila bay  in 2006 found that  51% were plastic bags,19% sachets and junk  food wrappers, 5% Styrofoam, 1% hard plastics,10% rubber, 13% biodegradable wastes (Cayetano, 2008;www. enatorpiacayetano. com/psc/pressreleasedetails. php? recordID=175)Biodegradable plastics are degradable plastics on which thedegradation results from the action of naturally occurring micro-organisms such as bacteria, fungi , and algae ([email  protected] com). These plastics are broken down into  water, carbon dioxide, methaneand biomass  primari ly through enzymatic action on microorganisms(Azios, 2007www. csmonitor. com/2007/1219/p16s01 -sten. html). Biodegradable will fully disintegrate in six months or  less. It turns intopowder and blends with  the soil after a few months  (Demetillo, 2008www. mprime. com/News. php? BlurbID=1113). Many biodegradable plastics will decompose in  industrial plants,backyard compost piles, or open  environments. The  inherentbiodegradability of plastics depend on  several environmental factorssuch as moisture, temperature, surface area, and the manufacturingmethod of the finished  product. (Nolan-ITU Pty Ltd, 2002www. environment. gov. au/settlement/publications/waste/deg) Although some brands claim to be biodegradable in open air andsaltwater, virtually no decomposition occurs within a closed landfillthat has been  capped, preventing air circulation. Azios, 2007www. csmonitor. com/2007/1219/p16s01 -sten. html)  The  SM  mall  chain  has  started  shifting   biodegradable  plasticbags for its supermarkets and department stores (Cayetano, 2008). The use of biodegradable plastics help lessen the burden of the ever-growing garbage problem in the Philippines and in  the whole world II. Problem of the Study This study was  conducted to answer the following problem:Will exposing the SM plastic bags to different substrates such ascompost soil, loam soil, tap water, and seawater over a period of timeaffect its biodegradability? III. Hypothesis of the Study If SM plastic bags will be placed in different substrates over aperiod of time, then its  biodegradability will be affected. IV. Objectives of the Study A. General Objective: †¢ To determine the effect of different substrates on the biodegradabilityof SM plastic bags. B. Specific Objectives: 1. To expose SM plastic bags to different substrates such as compost soil,loam soil, seawater and tap water for a duration of several months. 2. To measure the weight of the plastic bags (grams) before and afterdifferent exposure periods to  the substrates. . To compare the percent weight loss of the SM plastic bags exposed todifferent substrates after a period of time. V. Design  of  the  Study A. VariablesA1. Independent variables/ manipulated variable: substrate 1. Compost soil2. Loam soil3. Seawater4. Tap  waterA2. Dependent variable/ responding variable: biodegradability (percentweight loss)B. Materials †¢ 6, 1-litre glass jars †¢ 6, 7†x9† aluminium trays †¢ 12 pcs. 3†x4† SM plastic bags †¢ 500g loam soil †¢ 500g compost soil

Development Education Essay

Individuals in society, as they grow in their respective environments, in an endeavor to fulfill their needs, encounter many challenges: environmental, social, economic, political and cultural. In everyday life therefore, they have to participate voluntarily or otherwise to overcome them, otherwise they are bound to remain in the same state or dwindle even further. As such, there is need for individuals to participate actively in the development of their communities, their nations and the world as a whole with a special reference to social, economic and political awareness. Kenyans are not facing any different situations. For example, in the education sector, progress towards attaining universal primary education, which was initiated by the incumbent government in 2003, has had the effect of increasing the enrolment by two million children. Recent enrolment gains have benefited the girls, resulting in near gender parity. Despite these gains, regional inequalities are pronounced, particularly in the enrolment of girls in the arid and semi-arid regions (Child, 2006). This initiative has had positive impact whereby the economic ability of the parents is not an excuse for failure to access basic education for their children. As the government endeavors to make this a reality, glaring issues should not be ignored. For example, the student-teacher ratio has increased, hence hampering delivery of quality education. There is dire need therefore to employ more teachers. Resources in the schools; such as text books, laboratory materials, computers among others are limited. What lingers in the minds of many is whether the introduction of free primary education was timely. Were economic issues such as the ability of the government to meet its obligation considered? If yes, would the education budgetary allocation cripple other pillar sectors of the economy such as Roads and Transport or Agriculture? May be the government would have to resort to external funding to finance its budget deficit, but with what implications? My own experience is that, the growing numbers of students in the public schools have been unmanageable with the available resources being stretched to the limit. Mature students have joined primary schools causing social tensions within the school environment. Since adult education programme is in place, such students would have been encouraged to enroll in that programme. It is possible that this was a political move to show the whole world how our government is ‘committed’ to providing education to all. Cultural issues have been a major impediment to provision of education to all. Some communities in Kenya do not encourage girls to take up education opportunities. Or even if they do, women are to play a specific role in society: to do household chores, bring up the children and take care of their spouses. It is no wonder, therefore, that early marriages are still rampant in certain communities. Some young girls fail to complete primary or secondary education because of early pregnancies. With such situations, realizing development is almost futile. The question is whether the government or the communities themselves have been or are committed. If yes, to what extent, and if no, then why and what are the implications? A case in point is in my home village, among the Giriama tribe in Kilifi District, Coast Province. Early pregnancies and marriages for the girls are rampant with little being done to the culprits. Those responsible for these ills in most cases are male adults, who are of sound mind. Hence, the noble effort of free primary education is not appreciated. In my opinion, the effort of the government and the local leaders in designing and implementing educational programmes for the citizens should involve the whole community. The adults could act as good examples, but they have to be sensitized on the importance of education to all. If the adults embrace change, and they actively participate in implementing it, less or no young girls will fall victim to these unfortunate circumstances. Social development in Kenya has also been hampered by diseases such as HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis. The current rate of infection for HIV/AIDS is 6. 1% of the adult population down from a prevalence rate of 16% in urban areas and 8% in rural areas in the late 1990’s. This is an encouraging situation with support from the government and its agencies, such as the national Aids Control Council and STDs Control Programme (NASCOP). (Child, 2006). What should not be ignored is about the victims themselves. How does the society engage them in economic, social and political growth of the country? There have been reported cases of stigma at the work place, in schools, religious circles and political arenas. With the availability of Antiretroviral drug therapy, infected individuals can almost live their full lives. It is therefore important for individuals to know their HIV status and be proactive in prevention of its spread. In Sub- Saharan Africa, Kenya has been placed 15th out of the 48 countries on good governance and economic management with an overall index of 59. 3. This index was pegged on the five pillars of good governance: safety and security, rule of law transparency and corruption, participation and human rights, sustainable economic opportunity and human development. (Otieno, 2001). This could be true; however, the index used the 2005 data as the baseline hence it is subject to a variety of opinions presently. As much as we would like to appreciate this growth, the ordinary citizen is still facing enormous challenges. 60% of the Kenyan population is still surviving on less than 2 dollars per day. The Kenyan government has defined the poverty line as 17 dollars per month in the rural areas and 36 dollars in the urban areas. The country lacks robust food production and is vulnerable to unstable rain patterns. (Child, 2006). With these statistics, the country cannot boast of excellent economic growth. It is not surprising therefore that the government’s domestic debt is growing twice as fast this year to seek more funds to finance social expenditure. At the community level, joblessness is still on the rise. As restructuring of government and private entities increases, more Kenyans are retrenched, rendering most of them poorer than they were before. Change is inevitable as companies struggle to stay afloat in the market. However,  alternative sources of income have to be provided or sought by the individuals themselves. For example, the government, through the Ministry of Local Government, has initiated the Rural Poverty Reduction and Local Government Support Programme (RPRLGSP) in providing clean drinking water, construction of schools, modern slaughter houses, solid waste management and rehabilitation (Ongwae, 2007). Some of these projects at the community level have provided a way of livelihood to the people. Citizens should not wait for government initiatives to participate in development. However, they need to be critically aware of the resources available within their environments and how to utilize them for their benefit. For example, instead of retired civil servants depending on their children for financial support, they can come together, identify joint projects and may access loans from financial institutions to start them off. Political structures on the other hand are a cornerstone to social and economic growth. Since independence in 1963, Kenya has had three heads of state. Political turbulences have been evident as the country struggles to embrace democracy. The state has witnessed a transition from a one party to a multi party system of government. Government officials have been associated with grand scale corruption malpractices taking the country to economic oblivion. A good example is the Anglo Leasing Scandal, where it was claimed that billions of shillings were paid to dubious companies within and abroad. The perpetrators of this vice have not been brought to book to date. It has been assumed that the law makers always enact laws to protect themselves. A bill was passed in parliament recently to stop the Kenya Anti –Corruption Authority from investigating and prosecuting the individuals with pending corruption cases before 2003, when the current government came into force. Evidently, the members of parliament may be protecting themselves. This therefore is a big challenge to the electorate as campaigns for elections due in December this year are in top gear. Politicians are shifting political alliances by the day and forming new ones. The current government was formed under a coalition of parties. As politicians are criss-crossing the country to secure civic and parliamentary seats, many more parties are finding common grounds to merge. This could be seen as a practice of demonstrating their democratic rights, though many questions linger about the seriousness of these individuals. Hence, should the electorate vote for the individuals by virtue of their political parties or the individuals’ ability to initiate development agendas? What of the politicians who give hand outs during campaign time? Do they realize that the citizens have problems only during the election year? Many promises have been made before by the same or other aspiring candidates. The performance of most of them has been dismal or at all. When they pass bills to reward themselves handsomely in salaries and allowances, who stands to benefit, them or the citizens? Is the economy stable enough to accommodate such hefty wage bill? The Kenyan politician in essence, has been known to be selfish to a larger extent. The electorate has to come to terms with this and cast a vote for a ‘new’ politician who is likely to initiate social, economic and political change. The citizen has to be critical in this political process and participate in the voting process wisely come the December elections. It is clear from this discussion therefore, that it is the citizen who has to participate actively to initiate social, economic and political change. This has to be done with a critical analysis of all the forces in place. It could take time, development could be gradual, but finally, every citizen will take responsibility for their actions and become agents of change for a better future for the generations to come. References: CHILD, K. (2006) The OneWorld Kenya Guide [Online] http://uk. oneworld. net/guides/Kenya/development? gclid=CIHot73j3o4CFRtAgQodkThZPQ [accessed on 18. 09. 07] ONGWAE, E. (2007) Initiative helps improve standards of life. Daily Nation 26 September 2007: p. 35 OTIENO, J. (2007) Kenya in League of 20 states, Daily Nation. [Online]. 26 September 2007. Available from: http://www. nationmedia. com/dailynation/printpage. asp? newsid=107244. [Accessed 29 September 2007] Isaac Oyugi Samwel.

An Urban Renewal Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

An Urban Renewal Project - Research Paper Example These steps are taken in order to use privately-owned property for development projects such as urban renewal project (Grogon and Proscio, 2001). The process of urban renewal is seen in both positive and negative ways by various people. To most of people, it acts as a symbol of economic development and positive reforms and for some it acts as a means of establishing control. It is a good way of recreating communities that exist and make them seem better but at the cost of demolishing certain neighborhoods. However, with the passage of time a change has occurred in the way people think about urban renewal projects which is seen now as more oriented toward investment and renovation and less toward destruction (Jones, 2004). The paper will highlight the local project at Los Angeles that had been named as Bunker Hill project and will discuss the circumstances that led to this decision of accomplishing an urban renewal project in Los Angeles. The role of power elite, pluralism, mobility, economic competition and government regime has also been discussed in the paper throughout. Bunker Hill is the Los Angeles’ oldest plan of redevelopment that spreads over the area of 133 acres. The project adopted in 1959 by the city council of Los Angeles got transformed into a project of area redevelopment in 1968. The project area considered to be bounded by Hill Street (east), First Street (north), Fifth Street (south) and Harbour Freeway (west) (Dawson, 2008). The area had been relocated to include twenty-five developmental sites of large mass. The developmental plan also included the construction of a new street system in order to control the steepness of hill and to connect the steep area with nearby flatlands. The four sites out of the twenty-five major developmental sites were under the ownership of CRA/LA whereas two were owned by County. The project of Bunker Hill had been the result of continuous struggle against the lawsuits by City Council that won its case in f avor of urban renewal project in 1964. The funds raised for the completion of project were initially $33 million and few complaints were submitted against the plan. However, in 1968 the project was renamed as Bunker Hill Redevelopment project which previously was known as urban renewal project (Fante, 2002). It is worth-mentioning that the area had been remained unattended for the period from 1800’s to 1920’ due to the lack of water system and other services that had not reached that place at the time. The Bunker Hill due to the steep topography had been the difficult project to accomplish and it was the necessary to reconstruct it in order to provide room for neighborhoods that were becoming overcrowded (Fante, 2002). The Great Depression had also contributed in the negligence of this hilly area in terms of renovating the site. Therefore, in 1940’s it was almost impossible to think of reconstructing the area and investing a lot of money in doing so at the time when the country was facing economic crisis and crime acts at the peak. In the past the site had been the place of Victorian mansions which now became urban decay. Extensive surveys and researches were conducted to measure the physical, economic and social impacts. The results of the surveys identified the

Foreign Exchange Market Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Foreign Exchange Market - Assignment Example The parties agree to convert the U.S. currency to the British Pound today (spot transaction date), April 5, 2015 (The Money Converter, 2015). There is a difference between foreign_currency dealers and brokers. The foreign exchange dealer is a person or entity (especially a bank) that buys and sells foreign_currency. People can spot them in supermarkets and grocery stores. The dealer makes a profit by selling the purchased foreign_currency to a buyer of the foreign_currency at a higher price (Shoub, 2013). On the other hand, the foreign exchange broker functions within the currency market. The currency market transactions work just like the stock exchange each foreign_currency broker member of the currency market buy and sell foreign_currency among each other. The broker earns a commission for each foreign_currency transaction. The transaction may be classified as either a buy transaction or a sell transaction. The terms direct quote represents the number of United States dollars needed to acquire one quantity of the foreign_currency (The Money Converter, 2015). For example, a Los Angeles person can convert one United States dollar to British pound at the current foreign_currency conversion rate. The current April 5, 2015 foreign_currency conversion rate is U.S. $ 1 =  £ 0.67. If the same person converts his $100 to British Pound, the person will turn over to the foreign_currency trader U.S. $ 100 and receive in return  £ 67. Further, the term indirect quote represents the number of foreign_currency needed to acquire one United States dollar (The Money Converter, 2015). Using the same conversion rate above, a London based buyer wants to purchase a chosen New York store’s furniture. The furniture store only accepts United States currency. The furniture price is U.S. $ 100. Using the same conversion table above, the London buyer must convert his  £ 67 to the required United States $ 100. After the conversion, the London buyer can pay the New York store

Employee privacy rights in the workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Employee privacy rights in the workplace - Essay Example Everyone likes to share his/her cozy attitude in a soft and settled way and this is understandable since privacy is pretty central to one’s own self. The various rights of the employees within the workplace definitely include privacy as a major tenet within it since the top management knows that if the subordinates, middle management and the lower management is not at ease (in terms of mind and heart) at the workplace, then it is pretty much impossible to extract the best possible work out of them and this is for sure that the efficiency levels will drop as a result of the same. In the case of females, privacy holds more bases since they require their own time and the much needed space when we compare them with the male colleagues. It is the duty of the management at the helm to provide all of these people the right to be private and share a moment or two in their own individual capacities. In fact it is the employee’s right to demand the very same since no one can force him/her to be open about each and everything. At the end of the day, this individual is doing a job for which he/she is being paid and it is not something that the individual has to do for the sake of punishment or castigation. The aspects which come under the employee privacy rights include the issues related with their personal details not getting leaked, their informal talks remaining undisclosed from the people who are not concerned with, in the first place and just about everything that has bearing on the employee’s personal self. Having said that, it is the utmost duty of each and every staff member to make sure that all employees are being treated in an equal manner and there is no malice whatsoever at the workplace. What this will do at the end is to bolster a sense of encouragement and confidence at the office place and thus the productivity levels would definitely become improved. All said and done, the employee privacy rights at the workplace are an issue that gets raised

How Greenwash commercials influence buying behaviour in luxury car Dissertation

How Greenwash commercials influence buying behaviour in luxury car market - Dissertation Example According to the research findings the impact of Greenwash commercials on buying behaviour seeks to understand the consumers’ psychological orientation towards purchase of products and how marketing strategies or advertisements can adapt to the same. Amongst the Response Hierarchy Models, Persuasive Hierarchy Model suggests that consumers are influenced by advertising and use the commercials to learn about different brands and reach their preferences based on the information they gain from these. Here cognition is the precondition for making any buying decision. This model is applicable in high involvement purchase condition where the product or the purchase is crucial to the consumer. Such advertisement begins with awareness which leads to interest of the buyer and then results in action of purchase. These are highly true for consumers of cars. In Low involvement cases, the consumer prefer convenience goods, i.e.take the buying decisions based upon cost, etc. Here purchases a re rapid and preferences towards brands are formed after trials. Integrated Models therefore suggest that buying decisions depend on situations and advertising works accordingly. The FCG grid formed by the advertising agency Foote, Cone and Belding can appropriately depict this with four different buying situations incorporating consumer motivation. For instance, in high involvement case, consumers’ motive will lead him to buy items like luxury watches when the idea is to transform their lifestyle or when the â€Å"feel good† factor is important to them. ... umers are influenced by advertising and use the commercials to learn about different brands and reach their preferences based on the information they gain from these (Belch and Belch, 2003, p. 208). Here cognition is the precondition for making any buying decision. This model is applicable in high involvement purchase condition where the product or the purchase is crucial to the consumer. Such advertisement begins with awareness which leads to interest of the buyer and then results in action of purchase. These are highly true for consumers of cars. In Low involvement cases, the consumer prefer convenience goods, i.e.take the buying decisions based upon cost, etc. Here purchases are rapid and preferences towards brands are formed after trials. Integrated Models therefore suggest that buying decisions depend on situations and advertising works accordingly. The FCG grid (Appendix B: Integrated Model – FCG grid) formed by the advertising agency Foote, Cone and Belding can appropri ately depict this with four different buying situations incorporating consumer motivation. For instance, in high involvement case, consumers’ motive will lead him to buy items like luxury watches when the idea is to transform their lifestyle or when the â€Å"feel good† factor is important to them. Again when product choice is based on information about the product, consumers will tend to choose automotives and appliances. In Low involvement case, they would go for package goods (cost effectiveness), while their choice is led by information. Under low involvement they would settle for variety goods in order to meet the â€Å"feel good† factor (Sorce&Dewitz, 2007, pp. 4-5). This dissertation focuses on a High Involvement case (a case of buying luxury brands of cars). For these goods there always

Strategic Marketing Management - Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strategic Marketing Management - - Case Study Example Likewise, a similar micro environmental impact has to do with the fact that the entire economy has experienced a rapid and sudden convulsions since the 2007 and 2008 economic downturn. As a direct result of this, fewer and fewer individuals are traveling abroad; with an extreme level of reduction in business travelers – the mainstay of British Airways consumer base. With this in mind, the macro environmental impact on British Airways are not confined only to British Airways as such; instead, they are felt by a litany of different air carriers and other businesses operating within the market. However, due to the nature of British Airways strategy and its marketing focus, the overall level of impact that it has experienced has been somewhat more profound as compared to its competitors. In terms of classifying the competitive environment and British Airways operates within, it should definitively be stated that this competitive environment is increasingly saturated. For instance, when British Airways was privatized in the late 1980s, the market that it operated within was relatively small. Domestically, it only had one counterpart and internationally there were only a handful of competitors of the same size and overall global reach. Yet, with the increase of globalization and the demand for continual air service to a litany of different locations, the overall competitive bandage that British Airways once held has slowly been eroded by a litany of other competitors. All of this is necessarily important due to the fact that an oversaturated environment create a dynamic in which British Airways faces a marketing dilemma; specifically with regard to the way in which it seeks to differentiate itself as compared to the competition. Essentially, British Airways exhibits c ertification of a very wealthy and powerful firm that chose to ignore strategic changes in the external environment and is now reaping and very

Arthur Miller Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Arthur Miller - Research Paper Example As a student in the University of Michigan, Miller pursued journalism as his major but soon changed it to English. This change opened the doors for him as a playwright. During his time in college, his greatest influence was from his professor and lifelong friend Professor Kenneth Rowe (Wald, 2007). Miller’s first recognition came from the first play he ever wrote known as ‘No Villain’ while still studying journalism as his major. This play marked a turning point in Miller’s academics. For this play, Miller received the Avery Hope Award putting him on the map of playwrights. He continued to write even after graduating from college pursuing a profession in scripting. In 1946, he wrote ‘All My Sons’ and this play sealed his status as a scriptwriter and won him the best author Tony Award for its success on Broadway. His other influential works that people appreciate to this day are Death of a Salesman and the Crucible. Crucible got him into trouble with the (HUAC) House Un-American Activities Committee. To this day, his playwright known as Death of a Salesman, can be considered among his best pieces (Fisher, 2009). The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) got interested in the Millers works after the release of the Crucible. Here, Miller had likened them to the Salem witch hunters of 1692. Miller got the idea of the Crucible from his friend Kazan who had betrayed him by naming names in front of the HUAC. Miller then travelled to Massachusetts to a town called Salem to research on the 1692 Witch trials. Miller's friend, Kazan, testified and named him as part of the eight people in his list of people in the Communist party. This in turn, increased the HUAC’s interest in him. Despite him overcoming HUAC’s accusations, the HUAC’s actions significantly affected Miller's life (Wald, 2007). Miller’s personal life was also in the limelight after his marriage to his second wife Marilyn Monroe. Monr oe was an actress and her life had been the object of intense scrutiny by the public. He married Marlin in June of 1956 after he ended his first marriage to Mary Slattery. Miller and Slattery had two children. Miller had met Monroe in 1951 and had an affair with her. After this affair, they kept in touch. His marriage to Monroe coincided with his tribulations with the HUAC, of which Monroe accompanied him. However, these trials put Monroe's career at risk because of the accusations made against Miller at the time. The HUAC had found Miller guilty when he refused to name other people who supported Communist activities. This led to Miller’s US passport to be revoked. The judge’s decision became overturned by the appeal courts on grounds of misleading the witness. This can be based on the fact that Miller had made a deal with the judge to appear before the court which had subpoenaed him earlier to testify without naming any other person (Fisher, 2009). He buried himself i n his work. ‘The Misfits’ was the film he wrote of which Marilyn his wife was starring. Before its debut in 1961, the couple divorced. Miller remarked that, during scripting of the movie, he underwent one of the most undesirable instances of his life. The death of Monroe also cast some light back on Miller because she died just nineteen months after she and Miller had divorced. Monroe died from a drug overdose. Miller moved on to his next wife who he remained married to till her until his death in 2002. Inge Morath was a photographer by profession. Miller and Morath had two

Emuglents Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Emuglents - Assignment Example Density modifiers can be used to ensure that the continuous and disperse phases have similar densities. This will prevent sedimentation and creaming problem. Emulsions are thermodynamically unstable chemical compositions. As a result, care has to be taken to ensure that the physical stability remains intact. Other additives to formulations are colors, flavors, and perfumes. These additives have the capacity of altering emulsions; in terms of the physical characteristics. This is because of the presence of electrolytes which have an effect on pH levels; and, therefore, can impact the flocculation degree. On the other hand, addition of a sweetening emulgent leads to exhibition of Newtonian properties. The consequence of this is that, the rheological suspension properties could be affected adversely. Emulsion viscosity is determined by emulsifying agent concentrations in the formulation preparations. This is applicable to both water-in-oil, in addition to, oil-in-water systems. From the table of results, we can see the effects that surfactants have on the stability of emulsions. In the different solutions, with varying degrees of surfactants we can see that the changes through time depends on the concentration of the surfactants seen in B1, B2, A1, and

Sherlock Holmes Essay Example for Free

Sherlock Holmes Essay Sherlock Holmes emerged in 1893 as a fictional amateur detective. He had solved many cases and was able to find the villain using scientific evidence. When Sherlock Holmes came out into the open, Britain was a corrupt place as the police force was useless and people used to kill and steal just for the sake of it. Jack the Ripper is the best known pseudonym to date from that period. He used to kill women prostitutes from the slums and cut out their throats. He then sent body parts of his victims to the police showing his superiority. People thought of Sherlock Holmes as a hero because they thought he could protect them from paedophiles and murderers even though he was a fictional character. The mastermind to Sherlock Holmes was Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. He based the super sleuth character on his fellow doctor, Dr Joseph Bell. He, like Holmes, was able to use the power of deduction to find out his patients occupation. Conan Doyle created this transcendent character because he was frustrated with other detective stories. Therefore he created a super human like detective who used scientific evidence to solve his cases unlike coincidence like the other detective stories. This made Sherlock Holmes a huge success story and when Doyle killed off the character, there was a public up roar and death threats were sent to his house. Because of this, Doyle brought back the character and his side kick Watson back from the shadows. Doyle managed to keep his audiences interested in Sherlock Holmes by cleverly making a flawless idea. This was to release different stories every month instead of keeping one story and carrying it one month after month. This was a clever and successful philosophy because Conan Doyle knew that if he stuck to one story then people would lose interest because people who missed an issue wouldnt buy the next one whereas if he made a new story every month then people would still buy the issue every month as they didnt miss anything. This is why it became known as Sherlock Holmes adventures. Sherlock Holmes adventures have a very unique structure. This is because it creates a story with in the story. It starts with the victim coming to Holmes about their problem(s). They then explain to him their problem(s). This is where Doyle creates a story within the story. Next, Holmes investigates and then sets out a plan. He eventually catches the villain. Parts of the structure can often vary. This is shown clearly in the story The man with the twisted lip. Instead of the victim coming to Holmes, they come to Dr Watson; Holmes right hand man. This shows us that Doyle is trying to vary his structure. Another thing is that the victims mostly always seem to be of high class. This is not present in the Red Headed League as Jabez Wilson (The victim) is of lower class. Although he is of lower class and his case is a bit dubious (this is because he suddenly stopped getting à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4 weekly from his secondary job as it just suddenly disappeared) Holmes was still determined to solve his case. This shows us that Holmes will take on any case no matter who his client is or how silly the problem was. A good quotation to support the matter is the strangest and the most unique things are very often connected not with the smaller crimes. The characters that the stories revolve around vary from story to story. There are only two characters that are present in all the 3 stories that I have read (The Speckled Band, The Red Headed League and The man with the twisted lip). These two characters are the sleuthhound Sherlock Holmes and the wannabe detective Dr Watson. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle uses characters as a good device by showing the reader and audience that he has used the six rules of a good detective story. * The crime must be significant * The detective must be memorable * The criminal must be a worthy opponent * The clues must be available to the audience * The suspect must appear early in the story * The solution must be reasonable and possible Because of these rules, Holmes appears to be supernatural to the naked eye but if looked at closer you would find that this mind-blowing character has an idiosyncrasy. This is because he smokes on a regular basis and takes drugs etc. The fact that he smokes is shown clearly in the quotation from the Red Headed League Watson, I beg of you leave me for 1 hour. I believe this is a 3 pipe problem This emphasises the amount that he smokes. 3 pipe problem means he will have to smoke three pipes before he will get the answer which implies that it is a very difficult issue. This is because a determined and intellectual person like him doesnt struggle with much. The quotation in the paragraph above also shows us the way Holmes treats Watson. Holmes treats him like a child who doesnt know much. Another quote to back up the matter is My dear doctor, this is a time for observation, not for talk. We are spies in an enemys country. This is when Holmes replies to Watsons question with an unclear answer. It shows us how disrespectful Holmes can be and that Holmes feels that Watson has a lot to learn. Watson plays the role of the narrator and hooks the reader. Another role of his is the foil. He makes Sherlock Holmes look better. You reason it out beautifully. I exclaimed in unfeigned admiration. It is so long a chain, and yet every link rings true. This extract quoted from Watson, admires Holmes professionalism. It also highlights his deductive skills and scientific methods. Another thing Watson does is draw the mission to a satisfactory conclusion. This is also shown in the quote above. Watson always goes with Holmes on day and night trips to offer protection since he has a revolver. This shows his bravery as he offers his life and limbs to protect Holmes and himself. He often goes voluntarily even after Holmes has told him his life may be at risk. This reinforces his indomitability. Villains in Sherlock Holmes stories are always cunning and a good match for Sherlock Holmes. This makes the story more exciting and intoxicating as we dont know if the villain will get away with his crime. The villains are always of high class which makes them harder to track down or suspect as most people wouldnt question them. The villains in Holmes stories vary from classic villains or victims who are the villains. One classic villain is Dr Roylott. He is of high class and and has one of the oldest families in Britain. Another thing is that he is a doctor who has gone sour. This is reflected in the clothes he wears. As he goes to confront Holmes, he wears a black top-hat, a long frock-coat, a pair of high gaiters with a hunting crop swinging in his hands. This shows us that for a high class man, he has no self-esteem and has probably lost his dignity in the process. This definitely makes him a classic villain as he has no alternative but to become a villain to keep what he has left. All of this has an impact on the reader. It makes the reader second look Dr Roylott as they dont think he is a criminal at first but then it makes them look back at that decision and reassess the matter before making a conclusion that Dr Roylott is the villain. After this hectic period, the reader is left on the edge of their seats to find out if he gets away or if Sherlock Holmes and his accomplice catch him in the act. It builds so much tension as they are an even match. It makes the reader want to keep reading to find out what happens. Tension starts to build as soon as Dr Royllott walks in through the door. It has an impact on the reader as they want to know who the strange man is and why he came. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle manages to paint a picture perfect image of the characters into our heads. Doyle does this by using short but powerful adjectives to describe every unique and common feature of their body. He gives the detail over 1 or 2 lines to make it short and snappy. Even though he does this, he is able to paint the picture in our heads to the very last detail. A very stout florid-face elderly gentleman with fiery red hair This quote backs up the fact that the writer uses 1 or 2 lines of detail and is still able to make you imagine what the character looks like. He uses words like fiery which are short and snappy yet effective. It is ideal to describe Mr Wilsons hair colour. Florid is a good word as it lets the sentence flow and is still capable of using it to maximum effectiveness by describing Jabez Wilsons face. Holmes determination is probably the most important part of all Sherlock Holmes adventures. It is shown in all the stories I have read and has helped solve all 3 of the cases. This is because he always perseveres through the tough and easy times. The most iconic out of the 3 stories I read was probably The man with the twisted lip This is because it took him so long to figure out who the criminal was. Instead of turning his back on the case, he persevered and solved the case. He did this with sheer determination. In the end, the criminal was the victim (Neville St Clair). Overall, Sherlock Holmes is a magnificent character. This is because many people thought he was a real person. This shows how good Doyles writing was. Holmes also gave Victorian people hope as many murders and paedophiles lurked the streets. He even was a role model for the police force as trainee police officers were told to read them to show them how to catch criminals. Sherlock Holmes will be remembered for many centuries to come and his scientific way of thinking has been adopted by police forces. He will always be renowned as the greatest fictional and non-fictional detective the world has ever known. Baker Street also has a house where people post messages to Sherlock Holmes as that is where he is believed to have lived.

Fascism in Italy Essay Example for Free

Fascism in Italy Essay A revolutionary system which totally transformed the political, economic, and social structure of the country. To what extent would you agree with this assessment of Fascism in Italy? In 1932, Giovanni Gentile aided Benito Mussolini in writing a definition of Fascism, to be entered in the Italian Encyclopaedia. They claimed that the Fascist State organises the nation, but leaves a sufficient margin of liberty to the individual; the latter is deprived of all useless and possibly harmful freedom, but retains what is essential; the deciding power in this question cannot be the individual, but the State alone. [1] Certainly this could seemingly be a definition of a revolutionary system when compared to the liberalism of the coalition government, but to decide whether or not Fascism succeeded in being so, or merely showing an outward appearance, as Mussolini appeared content with on many issues, one must look separately at the politics, economy, and society of Italy, before, during and after the Fascist regime. Before October 1922, when Mussolini became Prime Minister, Italy had been administered by a series of coalition governments, due to the introduction of proportional representation after the unification of 1870. The weak and indecisive king, Victor Emmanuel III, had felt that Mussolini and the Fascist Party posed no threat to him or the country, as they, at that time, held only 35 of the 535 seats in the Italian Chamber of Deputies. There was no sudden change in the system of government and state institutions; Mussolini was merely the Prime Minister of a coalition cabinet in which only four out of twelve ministers were fascists and he had to move cautiously. [2] However, in July 1923 the Acerbo Law was passed, allowing the party with the majority of votes1 to attain 2/3 of the parliamentary seats. By a mixture of violence and intimidation, and aided by hopeless divisions amongst his opponents[4] Mussolini achieved a majority in the April 1924 elections, thereby securing his position. Not long after the elections, the Matteotti crisis2 led to widespread disaffection and left Mussolini vulnerable, having been forced to dismiss numerous members of his entourage. [5] The Aventine Secession saw the opposition parties set up a rival parliament in the hope that the king would dismiss Mussolini from office, however, Victor Emmanuel feared that this would leave the way open for Communism to overthrow him, and so he allowed the Fascists to continue in power. With all opposition gone, Mussolini had no problems in securing the power to rule by decree as to a growing number of left and right-wing critics, democratic politics was a rotten game divorced from Italys real needs.[6] But his dreams of a completely totalitarian state could not truly come to fruition, as he stated himself, the Fascist Revolution halted at the throne. And so it would appear that it was a catalogue of misdeeds by the government and the king that gave Mussolini his one party state, rather than the might of Fascism. Although that one-party state was certainly a revolutionary ideal when put in comparison to the previous method of coalition government, by April 1943 the Italian Cab inet, under Badoglio, included Liberals, Christian Democrats, Socialists, Communists and others.[24] After the Second World War, Italy reverted to a true republic, in that Victor Emmanuel abdicated in May 1946, and his son, Umbertos reign lasted only 1 month before the monarchy was abolished. This could not be attributed, however, to Fascism as much as to Victor Emmanuels mishandling of the parliamentary system and the fact that his career demonstrates that he never really came to terms with democracy and that in his few moments of meaningful political choice he preferred to deal with the representatives of savage reaction rather than concede an inch to the demands of the people.[7] The after effects of World War I had left Italy, as just about everywhere else, in a state of poverty. But, the Fascist Administration promised a better future for the Italian people. An impressive public works programme was designed, among other things, to reduce unemployment.[8] However, although the cost of living was falling because of the depression, wages fell more than prices, so that workers suffered a fall in real wages. Particularly galling for the industrial workers was that they had no means of protesting since strikes were illegal and the unions weak.[9] Therefore the workers were just as disgruntled as they had ever been. Economic self-sufficiency (autarky) was vitally important in developing the greatness of the state; the government must therefore direct the economic life of the country. [11] To this end Mussolini encouraged the farmers in the Battle for wheat.3 Unfortunately, this merely meant that agriculture remained inefficient and farm labourers the poorest class in the state. The attempt at self-sufficiency was a dismal failure. [12] Industry was greatly encouraged with government subsidies, ensuring the appearance of a Corporate State, which helped to increase iron and steel production by 100% by 1930 and to double the production of hydro-electric power by 1937, but more could have been done as Belgium had increased to a much higher level. Also, little had been done to remedy her basic shortages of raw materials coal and oil.[10] At the same time, another of Mussolinis ploys to show a strong Italy to the world, was to value the Lira too high on the world markets. 90 Lira could be purchased for à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1 in 1926, although a rate of 150 to the pound would have been more advisable for Italys failing economy. The outcome was that exports became too expensive and therefore orders dwindled, especially in the textile industry, and so many factories were forced into a three day working week. Even when The Wall Street Crash caused further hardships, Mussolini still refused to devalue the Lira until 1936. Further harm to the economy was caused by the Fascists love of war. As Mussolini said, peace is absurd: fascism does not believe in it.[13] The Corfu Incident4 of 1923, the War in Abyssinia in 1935-365 and Italys intervention in the Spanish Civil War were all an unnecessary drain on the Italian purse. Indeed, Mussolini said of the latter, they were bled white. Of course the lives of the Italian people were effected by more than just the countrys economy. Adults who opposed Mussolini were dealt with harshly. However, the children were the Fascists of the future and Mussolini took a keen interest in the states education system and the youth organisations that existed in Italy.[17] New school text books were written to glorify the Fascist system[18] with emphasis on the fact that Mussolini was the only man who could lead Italy back to greatness. [19] The boys were encouraged to join after school organisations: Sons of the She Wolf for ages 4-8, Balilla for ages 8-14, and Avantguardista for 14-18 year olds. Whilst taking part in these clubs they were taught that fighting for them was a natural extension of the normal male lifestyle[20] By the time they were old enough for the Balilla, these children were being groomed for the army with military-style exercises and imitation guns. Mussolini said of these groups: I am preparing the young to a fight for life, but also for the nation.[21] Yet it seems that, as between 30 and 40% of the youths never joined these organisations, they were not a success in bringing the children of Italy into the Fascist fold. By the same token, Mussolini knew that to have a great army in the future Italian women must be encouraged to have more children. Therefore in 1927 he launched the Battle for Births. Unmarried men were penalised with higher taxes and families were encouraged to be of five children or more with tax benefits. Mussolini wanted Italy to have a population of 60 million by 1950. In 1920, it stood at 37 million so his target was a tall order. However, the Battle for Births was a failure. Though the population grew as people were living longer due to better medical care, the birth rate actually went down between 1927 and 1934.[22] The Wall Street Crash causing the depression in America also meant that less Italians were emigrating so the figures, most likely, looked much better than they really were. But, probably the most lasting and worthwhile achievement[16] of Mussolinis rule was the Lateran Treaty with Pope Pius XI6 in which the Church and the State were reunited after years of hostility. To refer to Fascism as a revolutionary system is probably too strong a definition, but to argue that it transformed Italy in any way, in anything other than the short term, would have to be judged as false. Mussolini was certainly guilty of using the ambiguity of the term to his best advantage at all times. But many of the successes and failures of the Italian economical, social and political arenas could be said to be because of the previous governments, the king, the wars or the overall state of Europe at the time. Certainly, in Italy, after World War II, Fascism disappeared and most of its work along with it; the only achievements remaining at the end of the war were the agreement with the church and the public works, and even they, as Elizabeth Wiskemann suggests, could just as well have been achieved by a democratic government.[23] word count = 1529 1 Provided that the party held at least 25% of the votes.[3] 2 Giacomo Matteotti, head of the Italian Socialist Party, was found murdered after speaking out against Mussolini in the parliament. Amerigo Dumini, a member of Mussolinis special force (Ceka)was found guilty of the murder, but the killing was believed, whether correctly or not, to have been at the order of Mussolini himself. 3 Battle for Wheat = by 1935 wheat imports had been cut by 75% 4 Diplomatic Emergency in 1923. Greece and Albania quarrelled over boundaries and the League of Nations set up a commission to make a determination. At this time 4 Italians, including General Tellini, were killed on the Greek side of the border. Mussolini sent an ultimatum to Greeces government to pay 50 million Lira in compensation and to execute the assassins. As the assassins could not be identified, Greece could not comply and so Italian forces bombarded and occupied the Greek island of Corfu in August 1923. Greece was forced to pay reparations and apologise, by the Conference of Ambassadors and Italy left Corfu on 27th September 1923.[14] 5 An armed conflict that resulted in Ethiopias subjection to Italian rule [15] 6 The Papacy had been hostile to the Italian Government ever since losing sovereignty over the Vatican City in the 1870 unification. Mussolini recognised the Vatican City as a sovereign state, paid compensation to the church and made the Roman Catholic faith the official state religion with compulsory religious education in schools.

The Security Requirements And Challenges Of Manets Information Technology Essay

The Security Requirements And Challenges Of Manets Information Technology Essay The major security requirements of MANETs are secure linking, secure routing and secure data transmission or secure data packet forwarding. Both proactive and reactive approaches are needed. The disadvantages of the mobile design, like: limited cpu, memory and battery, may let MANETs face more security chanllegnes, which include both active and passive attacks, the problems of dynamic topology, routing protocol and mobile environment, specially the packets missing, data changed and node failures will make users lose trust of it, most of the secure routing protocols are designed with certain known attacks in mind. When an unknown attack is encountered, these protocols may collapse, but achieving higher security usually requires more computation on each mobile node. 2. Explain  ¿Ã‚ ½-TESLA and compare it with TESLA? TESLA means Time Efficient Stream Loss-tolerant Authentication,  ¿Ã‚ ½-TESLA is a micro version of TESLA, or we can consider it as an adoption of TESLA for WSNs. Althugh TESLA and  ¿Ã‚ ½-TESLA are multicast stream authenticaiton protocols, both have different ways in key discloure and authentication.  ¿Ã‚ ½-TESLA is used in authentication of message broadcasts from Base Station(BS), from nodes (through BS), and also to authenticate route update broadcasts. BS works as the key distribution center. ( Taken From Chapter 3, Course slides.) This means  ¿Ã‚ ½-TESLA allows the receivers broadcast authenticated data due to node to node key agreement. Receiver do not share a key with other receivers. But TESLA sender uses digital signature for the intial packet authenticaiton and broadcasts it over the whole WSN, the receiver knows the key disclosing schedule, when the key is disclosed, receiver will check its correctness and authenticates the buffered packets. 3. Gather information about the key Management protocols in MANETs. And explain it briefly. In MANETs, Key management is actually considered as the base for every cryptographic system, its a combination of cryptographic algorithms and on-demand dynamic routing protocols, because the networking security in many cases dependent on proper key management, the tranditional centralized approach in key management does not work out here, therefore, several methods are usually applied in the key management system in MANETs, such as: Secret Sharing Methods, Distributed CA Method, Error-code based methods and Byzantine Resilient Method. Even so, KM system still faces the many Challenges like: Dynamic topology and environment, Lack of trust, Node failures, Bounded computational and operational power, Connectivity problems and Node autonomity, etc because you dont know if any one entity is dishonest, that entity may be exposed. 4. Explain SEAD, SAR and SPAAR routing protocols in more details. SEAD is a secure table- driven routing protocol based on the existing DSDV(Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector) routing protocol. It uses a one-way-hash function and asymmetric cryptography operations. Although SEAD defends against several types of DoS ( Denial-of-Service attacks), it cannot prevent the wormhole attack.To avoid long time running routing loops and to defend against the replay attack, SEAD uses destination numbers to to ensure that the information originates from the correct node. Authentication is also used in SEAD. Each node uses a specific authentic element from its one-way hash chain in each routing update that it sends about itself. The source must be authenticated using some kind of broadcast authentication mechanism, such as: TESLA. Apart from the hash functions used, SEAD doesnt use average settling time for sending triggered updates.This disadvantage makes SEAD face the chanellege of clock synchronization in order to function properly. SAR stands for Security-Aware Ad Hoc Routing, which applied for on-demand secure routing protocols. When a packet is sent, it need be assigned a trust value and certain security attributes, like: time stamp, sequence number, authentication, integrity, SAR introduces a negociable metrics to discover secure routes that are embedded into RREQ packets. And this packet can be processed or forwarded only if the node can provide the required security. The problem of SAR is you dont know whether or not the value assigned is true and the invisible node attack can not detected and treated in SAR. SPAAR (Secure Position Aided Ad hoc Routing) is a position based system and uses the location information to increase the security and performance. All nodes in SPAAR are required to know their own locations, for eaxmple, GPS system tells you where you are. SPAAR is also designed to provide authentication, non-repudiation, confidentiality and integrity for the security environment. 5. Explain Secure Message Transmission Protocol ( SMT) in MANETs. The major job of SMT (Secure Message Transmission) protocol is to secure the data transmission or data forwarding on already discovered routes no matter whether or not these routes have malicious nodes. SMT protocol does not deal with route discovery. It only demands a secure relationship between the source and destination by allowing one node know the public key of the other node. No cryptographic operation is needed between the nodes because the communication is usually done over the node disjoint paths, every piece of message is authenticated and verified through a Message Authentication Code. The destination doesn ¿Ã‚ ½t need all the pieces of a message to understand it. It can reconstruct the message when enough pieces have been received. This implies that even if there are malicious nodes in a few paths that drop the message or if there are unavailable routes, the message can still be received. If the destination didn ¿Ã‚ ½t receive enough pieces to construct the message, the source will send out the remaining pieces over a different set of paths. Otherwise the source continues with the next message transmission. 6. Give numberical examples for EL Gamal-TC (4,6) and RSA-TC(4,6). An investigate whether Elliptic Curve Crypto(ECC) could be used for TC? Elliptic Curve Crypto(ECC) could be used for TC, I got this idea from the article ECC Based Threshold Cryptography for Secure Data Forwarding and Secure Key Exchange in MANET written by Levent Ertaul and Weimin Lu, 2005, The two authors say in this way: We combine Elliptic Curve Cryptography and Threshold Cryptosystem to securely deliver messages in n shares. As long as the destination receives at least k shares, it can recover the original message. We explore seven ECC mechanisms, El-Gamal, Massey-Omura, Diffie-Hellman, Menezes-Vanstone, Koyama-Maurer -Okamoto-Vanstone, Ertaul, and Demytko. For secure data forwarding, we consider both splitting plaintext before encryption, and splitting ciphertext after encryption. Also we suggest to exchange keys between a pair of mobile nodes using Elliptic Curve Cryptography Diffie-Hellman. We did performance comparison of ECC and RSA to show ECC is more efficient than RSA. 7. Hacking technique and counter Measures Please find the usage and the required counter measures to avoid effects of the below commands. This commands fall into a catergory called Discovering Wireless Networks. a. INSSIDER Actually inSSIDer is a replacement for NetStumbler, it is a free Wi-Fi network scanner for Windows Vista and windows XP, it can inspect your WLAN and surrounding networks to troubleshoot competing access points, it works with internal Wi-Fi radio, Wi-Fi network information, such as: SSID, MAC, Access point vendor, data rate, signal strength, security, etc. Graph signal strength over time, is also can show how Wifi networks overlap and provides an open source code service since the Apache License, Version 2.0, it also can support GPS and export to Netstumbler(*.ns1) files, because of the open source service, the intruders may take advantages of it to attack your personal information. The best way to avoid inssider command is to give it no permission to access WLAN. I consider IEEE802.1x and IEEE802.11i protocols should be applied, and the specific mechanisms, like: WEP, TKIP, CCMP, MIC, Counter-MOde-CBC-MAC Mode, WPA and WPA2 should be got involved. b. Visit following web site: http://renderlab.net/projects/WPA-tables And give me the brief desription of this site. After visiting this website, a Church of Wifi WPA-PSK Rainbow Tables displays, this page is to give a little more insight into the methodology and logic behind concieving and building the CoWF WPA-PSK Rainbow Tables, actually they are lookup tables. From my point of view, this website tries to show you the result of the project that is done at renderlab, this project is testing how much possibilities the password will be cracked. On WPA-tables, WPA-PSK was vulnerable to brute force attack, cryptographists use the tools like Aircrack and coWPAtty to take advantage of this weakness and provided a way to test keys against dictionaries. They found that in fact the cracking process is very slow . Each passphrase is hashed 4096 times with SHA-1 and 256 bits of the output is the resulting hash. This is then compared to the hash generated in the initial key exchange. A lot of computing power is required for this. If the SSID and the SSID length is seeded into the passphrase hash, the passphrase of password will be hashed differently on a network with the SSID of linksys than it will on a network with the SSID of default. For the War driving, attacking a series of access points to connect to a server behind it, each ones security was stronger than the previous. They also found the application of the Time-Memory trade-off is particularly useful in password cracking and cryptography. How to prevent it from attack? They think its impossible to create a lookup table for all possible keys. Because the seeding of the algorithm with the SSID and SSID length, they have to compute all possible keys against all possible SSIDs, the limlited storage space doesnt allow them to do calculation. Instead they quickly check WPA-PSK networks against known english words and known passwords quickly, while still leaving the option open for brute forcing the rest of the keyspace. Selecting the most effecient dictionary and SSIDs computed became the focus.Size was also a concern. Even if they want to break the password, they still do not want the key size beyond the storage capacity of most users. They list some common passwords from Websters dictionary and compute them by sorting all passphrases in the range 8 bits and 64 bits, both max and min passphrases are taken off. The result shows 52% of SSID are at Wigle database of 5 million access points and on the top 1000 lists. This means at least 2.7 million access points are known. This renderlab project found a way to speed up WPA-PSK cracking, but it does not mean that it has been broken. Those experts also use coWPAtty and other similar tools to test the other dumb passphrases. The test result shows the minimum number of characters for a WPA-PSK passphrase is 8 and the maximum is 63. In reality, very few users actually use more than about 20 characters, in most cases, people choose known words and phrases, likely to be in a dictionary. So, to get decent protection from WPA-PSK, you should use a very long, very random, alphanumeric string longer than 20 characters, or to protect yourself further, particularly against the WPA-PSK hashtables, you should use a SSID not on the top 1000 list because this will force the attacker to compute thier own list, rather than use one of the CoWF tables.

Papa Dont Preach Essay -- Literary Analysis, Jane Eyre

Jane Eyre, by Charlotte Bronte, tells the tale of a young orphan girl who is left under the jurisdiction of her dead uncle’s cruel wife and her family. Alone in the large estate and often subjugated to her aunt’s unjust punishments and her cousin’s fist, Jane becomes solitary and sensitive to the kindness of others. She awaits the liberation of adulthood to become self-sufficient and to find someone to love. Similarly, in The Awakening by Kate Chopin, Edna Pontellier grows up in a motherless household with her authoritative father and treacherous sisters. She is often considered the model of female oppression and empowerment in the late 1800s, but her â€Å"awakening† actually results from her experiences in a cold and distant family. Edna’s suppressive childhood leads to her desire for independence in adulthood and helps her come to the realization that mothers play an important role in their children’s lives. Misinterpreted as hidden desires, Edna’s emotions towards love and freedom stem from the lack of familial love. Her father’s flippant thoughts towards her are shown when he tells Leonce that â€Å"authority, coercion are what is needed†¦ [to] manage a wife† [94]. He regards his daughter as just another woman and approaches raising her in the same manner that he treated his wife. Edna’s distant relationship with her sisters is shown in her refusal to go to the wedding [94] and her distaste for the motherly tones in her elder sister’s affections [22]. Coming from an isolated plantation, her youth was lonely and in result she grew to lack proper social skills and became more sensitive to kindness. This is supported by Adele’s statement to Robert, â€Å"...she is not like us. She might make the unfortunate blunder of taking you seriously.† ... ... follow them. While she had these unselfish undertones, the ultimate reason for her suicide was the desire to not be possessed by anyone; she had considered the children but this final act was her defiance. Taking her mother’s lead, she decides to not run away and to face her separation through death. Edna’s family had a profound effect on what her views and desires leading up to her awakening. The distance between them, geographically and emotionally, would eventually lead to her want of intimacy and warmth once found. The absence of a proper family structure in Edna’s childhood home set the foundation for her indifference to the roles of a wife and a mother, also creating a feeling of irresponsibility. Not until after making the acquaintance of a maternal and sensible woman, Adele, does Edna truly learn the burden of a mother’s position in her children’s lives.

Comparing and Contrasting Sophocles Oedipus Tyrannus and Rita Doves The Darker Face of the Earth :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

Comparing and Contrasting Sophocles' Oedipus Tyrannus and Rita Dove's The Darker Face of the Earth Sophocles' Oedipus Tyrannus can be argued that it is related loosely to Rita Dove's The Darker Face of the Earth. This comparative and contrasting characteristics that can be seen within both plays make the reader/audience more aware of imagery, the major characters, plot, attitudes towards women, and themes that are presented from two very different standpoints. The authors Sophocles and Dove both have a specific goal in mind when writing the two plays. In this paper I will take a closer look of the two, comparing and contrasting the plays with the various elements mentioned previously. Sophocles style of plot structure was usually to begin in media res. This is particularly true of Oedipus Tyrannus. When the reader or audience is first introduced to the main character, Oedipus is already a grown man and king of his country. In the first few lines, talk of a "fiery plague ravaging the city" is mentioned (Sopochles 3). In the very early stages of the play the reader begins to feel pity for Oedipus and recognizes his suffering. The time span is also another important factor to consider when analyzing the plot structure. The play in its entirety takes place within a one to two day period. The flashback scenes into Oedipus' childhood give the audience a better sense of the big picture, but can be misleading when focusing on the time aspect element. The roles of the characters are particularly useful when comparing and contrasting Oedipus to Darker Face. Oedipus can be argued to be a sympathetic ruler of his people, "my heart must bear the strain of sorrow for all..." (4). He shows a strong desire to rid the land of its despair. Yet as the reader captures a more in-depth glimpse into Oedipus' soul, we find him to be a jealous, stubborn, "blind", guilty, and sinful man. Oedipus' character outwardly seems to want nothing more than to find the guilty persons involved in the murder of Laius, yet when given obvious clues he turns a blind eye, not wanting to know the truth behind the prophecy.

The Red Convertible Essay examples -- Analysis, Louise Erdrich

Symbolism is a quintessential element in all writing, whether it is prose or a poem. â€Å"The Red Convertible,† a short story written by Louise Erdrich, tells the story of the destructive nature of war, via the strain caused on the families from improper deconditioning. The main characters in the story, Lyman and Henry Lamartine, are brothers that develop a seemingly inseparable bond through a car; a red convertible. Lyman, the younger of the two was very hard-working and could always â€Å"make money† (Erdrich 394). He manages to ascend up the employment ladder at Joliet Cafà © from â€Å"washing dishes† (Erdrich 394) to eventually owning the establishment. Henry was soon drafted into the war and became a Marine. Upon returning from the Vietnam War â€Å"Henry was very different† (Erdrich 396) and â€Å"the change was no good† (Erdrich 396). Additionally, with the name in the title, it is only befitting that the convertible play a very impo rtant factor in the short story. The red convertible, Henry’s refusal to remove his war garments, and the picture of the two brothers are symbols that make the story complete by providing a view of their lives and personality. Although there are many symbols throughout the story, the most established is the red convertible. Louise Erdrich uses the red convertible as a symbolic representation of not only Lyman and Henry’s relationship but all war separated families. The convertible served as a common enjoyment of both brothers and is representative of their independence. When Henry returned from the war scarred, â€Å"quiet, and never comfortable sitting still anywhere† (Erdrich 396). Lyman was upset that his brother was acting differently, so, in order to spark emotion and â€Å"interest† (Erdrich 396) Lyman damaged th... ...d Lyman’s relationship. A noteworthy example is when Lyman â€Å"plows† (Erdrich 400) the automobile into the river. Eventually, the car engine dies; just like Henry and the relationship of the two brothers. Clothes, an occupational indicator in this instance, show Henry’s inability to remove himself from war. His garments act as a binding force and a memory that will oppress him until death. Comparatively, the picture serves as a reminder of the past that continues to haunt Lyman, so much in fact, that he â€Å"put the picture in a brown bag and folded the bag over and over tightly† (Erdrich 398). The author uses the most disparaging facet of living, death, to portray that life is not everlasting and that although we will not live forever, our memories will. Symbols deepen the story by opening a gateway into the emotional and physical states of the brothers. The Red Convertible Essay examples -- Analysis, Louise Erdrich Symbolism is a quintessential element in all writing, whether it is prose or a poem. â€Å"The Red Convertible,† a short story written by Louise Erdrich, tells the story of the destructive nature of war, via the strain caused on the families from improper deconditioning. The main characters in the story, Lyman and Henry Lamartine, are brothers that develop a seemingly inseparable bond through a car; a red convertible. Lyman, the younger of the two was very hard-working and could always â€Å"make money† (Erdrich 394). He manages to ascend up the employment ladder at Joliet Cafà © from â€Å"washing dishes† (Erdrich 394) to eventually owning the establishment. Henry was soon drafted into the war and became a Marine. Upon returning from the Vietnam War â€Å"Henry was very different† (Erdrich 396) and â€Å"the change was no good† (Erdrich 396). Additionally, with the name in the title, it is only befitting that the convertible play a very impo rtant factor in the short story. The red convertible, Henry’s refusal to remove his war garments, and the picture of the two brothers are symbols that make the story complete by providing a view of their lives and personality. Although there are many symbols throughout the story, the most established is the red convertible. Louise Erdrich uses the red convertible as a symbolic representation of not only Lyman and Henry’s relationship but all war separated families. The convertible served as a common enjoyment of both brothers and is representative of their independence. When Henry returned from the war scarred, â€Å"quiet, and never comfortable sitting still anywhere† (Erdrich 396). Lyman was upset that his brother was acting differently, so, in order to spark emotion and â€Å"interest† (Erdrich 396) Lyman damaged th... ...d Lyman’s relationship. A noteworthy example is when Lyman â€Å"plows† (Erdrich 400) the automobile into the river. Eventually, the car engine dies; just like Henry and the relationship of the two brothers. Clothes, an occupational indicator in this instance, show Henry’s inability to remove himself from war. His garments act as a binding force and a memory that will oppress him until death. Comparatively, the picture serves as a reminder of the past that continues to haunt Lyman, so much in fact, that he â€Å"put the picture in a brown bag and folded the bag over and over tightly† (Erdrich 398). The author uses the most disparaging facet of living, death, to portray that life is not everlasting and that although we will not live forever, our memories will. Symbols deepen the story by opening a gateway into the emotional and physical states of the brothers.

Green Mountain Coffee Roasters and Keurig Coffee

How government political system and economy influence each other? There are many countries in a world, and each country has its specific government system, also different government systems leads to diverse economic results. Otherwise, the economic output shapes the certain government system as well. As a consequence, government system interacts with economic results, and vise versa. Such as the relationship between centrally controlled political system or decentralized political system and economic income. Next, more details information will be given and bring a discussion about how they influence each other.Through searching on the internet, political system is â€Å"a system of politics and government. It is usually compared to the legal system, economic system, cultural system, and other social systems. However, this is a very simplified view of a much more complex system of categories involving the views: who should have authority, how religious questions should be handled, and what the government’s influence on its people and economy should be. † (Almond, 2011) Different countries from all over the world owe their own specific political system and economic results.For example, China’s remarkable economic success rests on reforming political government system foundation. In article â€Å"Federalism, Chinese Style: The Political Basis for Economic Success in China†, it referred that the government political reform provides significant degree of available commitment to markets and lead to the successful economy in China. What’s more, a special type of institutionalized or organized decentralized is reflected by this reform, and author call â€Å"federalism, Chinese style. In addition, Montinola who is the author of this article claimed there are three consequences: at first, it helps to promote competition, not only just in product markets, but also among labour and foreign capital of local governments. And without any dou bt, the competition also lead new forms of enterprises, regulation, and economic relationships are promoted by government trying and learning. After that, it provides incentives for local governments to encourage local economic prosperity. At last, there are considerable amount of protection for local governments and enterprises which come from political intrusion by the central government. 2011). This article describes how the government political system impacts the economy output. On the one hand, China reform the political system depends on the national conditions, and take advantages of this system to develop economy and achieve successful goal. On the other hand, China already got wealthy benefits from the existing political system. Moreover, in article â€Å"US Political System Gets Downgraded, Failure to Deal with Economy the Reason†, Dayen said â€Å"To the extent that there’s any fallout from the political gridlock in Washington, it’s that the country cannot execute the simple, fundamental steps to improve economic performance. (Aug 3, 2011) And also talked about a Chinese rating agency did actually downgrade US debt all the way, which could resonate with their sovereign wealth funds. This agency appeared to not so much downgrade the credit rating as the political system. It discussed if there was not existing good and suitable government political system, and there is no way to develop economic as expect. In other words, instable and inadaptable political cannot help to further the development of economic outputs. Meanwhile, there is no doubt that if there is existing terrible economy, the new type of government system need to form.Government agencies influence the economy through a variety of policies all the time. â€Å"Political system has helped initiate new industries, cushion the effects of economic depression, create a sound economic infrastructure, and protect the living standards of the citizenry. † (n. d. ) Japa n is such a typical country. Japan through adjusting the relationship between government political system and economic income in order to set up the most suitable government and increase economy as much as possible. They focus on enterprise.In other words, Japan's economic development is primarily the product of private entrepreneurship. There is no doubt government make a significant contribution to nation's prosperity. In a word, the enterprise focus need the help of centrally controlled political system, because it can pay a lot more attention to develop their enterprise in order to promote their economy. There are advantages and disadvantages among different type of government political, both of them have opportunity to increase or decrease their national economy.However, it has great challenges to reconcile the centralized and decentralized systems. Most of time, centrally controlled is focus on specific area, decentralized controlled has diverging structure, the scope is much more abroad and wide than centrally controlling. But centrally control can get more attention. So chose the right system need depend on each country’s specific situation. In order to reach the economy goals, it is necessary to look for the right government political system to push its developing.Also under current system, government should consider how to achieve their economy target. Above all, no matter which government systems, such as centrally controlled political system and decentralized controlled political system, both of them could generate significant economic results, at the same time, the country should get wealthy benefit from a specific controlled political system. Reference Almond, G. A. , (June 25, 2011). Comparative Politics Today: A World View. Political System. Retrieved from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Political_system Dayen, D. (August 3, 2011). US Political System Gets Downgraded, Failure to Deal With Economy the Reason. FDL. Retrieved from http://new s. firedoglake. com/ 2011/08/03/us-political-system-gets-downgraded-failure-to-deal-with-economy-the-reason/ Montinola, G. (June 13, 2011). Federalism, Chinese Style: The Political Basis for Economic Success in China. World Politics. Retrieved from http://journals. cambridge. org/action/displayAbstract? fromPage=online&aid=7607848 The role of government and business. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://countrystudies. us/japan/99. htm

Inmates Rights Paper

Prisoner rights operate under the understanding that although a prisoner will be deprived of his or her freedom he or she will still be entitled to basic human rights, and these rights must not be infringed upon. Prisoner rights are an important set of checks and balances to help avoid illegal activity and regulate the actions of the corrections department in the criminal justice system. Even though these individuals have committed a crime, he or she is still a person and remains protected for certain basic rights guaranteed to him or her under the United States Constitution. Awarding individual rights to violators of the law created concern for public order advocates. In 1974, the courts developed a principle known as a balance test. A balance test is, A principle, developed by the courts and applied to the corrections arena by Pell v. Procunier (1974), that [sic] attempts to weigh the rights of an individual, as guaranteed by the Constitution, against the authority of states to make laws or to otherwise restrict a person’s freedom in order to protect the state’s interests and its citizens. Schmalleger, 2009, p. 521) With the balance test in mind, there are a few essential rights provided to persons in the United States by the Constitution. Four of the main amendments that protect prisoners are the First Amendment, the Fourth Amendment, the Eighth Amendment, and the Fourteenth Amendment. The First Amendment is an all inclusive right to the freedom of speech. This entitles prisoners to amenities such as mail, telephone calls, religion, and v isitation rights. Although the communication is supervised and restricted to locations the right is still present even during ones incarceration. Privacy while incarcerated is one right that cannot be effectively provided to individuals. Using the balance test, courts have determined an unannounced and thorough search of an inmate’s cell supersedes his or her right to unreasonable search and seizure. This right is provided to all citizens who are not incarcerated ia the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution (Schmalleger, 2009, p. 529). Like most laws governed by the Constitution it evolves and may award inmates a limited amount of privacy in the near future. The privacy will be very restrictive and pertain to actions such as unreasonable body cavity searches, seizure of legal documents, and harassment searches. The Eighth Amendment recognizes a legal precedent for prisoners and acknowledges that prisoners are not exempt from being treated fairly. The Eighth Amendment addresses the issue that a prisoner maintains the rights to be free from inhumane conditions by ensuring prisoners are not subject to cruel and unusual punishment. Prisons provide basic amenities to prisoners as a result of this amendment. The essentials usually provided from this Amendment items such as toiletry goods, food, basic shelter, basic clothing, medical assistance, and limited recreational options for mental and physical health purposes. The Fourteenth Amendment provides all citizens of the United States the right to not be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law. The Amendment also ensures all persons within its jurisdiction have equal protection of the laws, and the right to access the courts. This amendment is a catch all for prisoners and can be supplemented to every rights violation grievance to have his or her complaint heard before a court. The civil rights act of 1871 falls under the United States Code title 42 section 1983. Section 1983 states, Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage of any State or Territory, or District of Columbia, subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States or other person within the jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceedings for redress, except that in any action brought against a judicial officer for ann act or omission taken in such officer’s judicial capacity, injunctive relief shall not be granted unless a declaratory decree was violated or declaratory relief was unavailable. For the purposes of this section, any Act of Congress applicable exclusively to the District of Columbia shall be considered to be a statute of the District of Columbia. (U. S. C.  § 1983) The Civil Rights Act of 1871 can be summarized as anyone who causes a person to be deprived of rights guaranteed by the Constitution is liable to that person. Though inmates are in prison, the rights awarded to them under the Constitution still apply. The Americans with Disabilities Act was implemented to prevent discrimination against anyone with a disability. It also gives a disabled person the right to accessibility of transportation, telephones, and housing. Through this act, inmates with disabilities have the right to accommodations that assist with the person’s mobility and living (Department of Justice, 2011). The California Department of corrections is responsible for the operations of all adult and juvenile institutions in the state of California (CDCR, n. d. ). The State of California created the California Code of Regulations Title 15, Crime Prevention and Correction. The code breaks down the steps, procedures, and definitions, pertaining to the care and management of inmates and parolees. According to Title 15, â€Å"Inmates are directly and constantly supervised or monitored, and observed by the CDC staff, either custody staff or work supervisor as indicated in those regulations, sufficiently to account for the specific where about of the inmates at all times† (3000, Title 15, p. 11). The primary reason for the creation of the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, and the California Code of Regulations, Title 15 is to protect the civil rights of the inmates and parolees. Inmates and parolees have the right to be treated respectfully, impartially, and fairly by all employees (3004, Title 15, p. 18). Prisoners are also given rights such as the right to communicate with their family and friends, the right to accept visitation, and the right to be fed but limited and with restriction. Prisoners do not enjoy freedom. The law recognizes the importance of visitation. The prisoners can accept visits while they are incarcerated because the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation’s goal strives to transition that prisoner back into the community, and understands the influential role allowing the individuals to keep in touch with society provides to meet that goal. Under the California Code of Regulations Title 15, prisoners have the right to accept visitation while they are incarcerated, but they remain in a controlled environment. Inmates and visitors must follow various rules such as visitors talk to prisoner through telephones, specific days and times, and designated locations for visits. Inmates are not allowed to engage in intercourse with their visitors and fellow inmates. Any violations of laws regulations or local procedures governing the visit may result in termination, suspension, revocation, or denial of visiting with the person or persons involved as described in section 3176 of the Title 15. Such a violation may also result in exclusion from the facility as described in section 3176. 3. Balancing prisoners individual rights and the maintenance of public order will forever be under a continuing resolution. The Constitutional laws are ever-changing and interpreted on a case-by-case basis. The balance is essential to maintain the safety of the public and prisoners alike. References Schmalleger, F. (2009). Criminal Justice Today, 10th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ. Pearson/Prentice Hall. United States Code, Title 42, Section 1983. Deparment of Justice. (2011). ADA Home Page. Retrieved from http://www. ada. gov. California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. (n. d. ). State of California. Retrieved from http://www. CDCR. ca. gov State of California. (2008). California Code of Regulations, Title 15, Volume 20. Retrieved from http://www. cdcr. ca. gov/regulations/adult_operations/docs/Title15-2008. pdf